Optimise payload attributes calculation and add SSE (#4027)

## Issue Addressed

Closes #3896
Closes #3998
Closes #3700

## Proposed Changes

- Optimise the calculation of withdrawals for payload attributes by avoiding state clones, avoiding unnecessary state advances and reading from the snapshot cache if possible.
- Use the execution layer's payload attributes cache to avoid re-calculating payload attributes. I actually implemented a new LRU cache just for withdrawals but it had the exact same key and most of the same data as the existing payload attributes cache, so I deleted it.
- Add a new SSE event that fires when payloadAttributes are calculated. This is useful for block builders, a la https://github.com/ethereum/beacon-APIs/issues/244.
- Add a new CLI flag `--always-prepare-payload` which forces payload attributes to be sent with every fcU regardless of connected proposers. This is intended for use by builders/relays.

For maximum effect, the flags I've been using to run Lighthouse in "payload builder mode" are:

```
--always-prepare-payload \
--prepare-payload-lookahead 12000 \
--suggested-fee-recipient 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
```

The fee recipient is required so Lighthouse has something to pack in the payload attributes (it can be ignored by the builder). The lookahead causes fcU to be sent at the start of every slot rather than at 8s. As usual, fcU will also be sent after each change of head block. I think this combination is sufficient for builders to build on all viable heads. Often there will be two fcU (and two payload attributes) sent for the same slot: one sent at the start of the slot with the head from `n - 1` as the parent, and one sent after the block arrives with `n` as the parent.

Example usage of the new event stream:

```bash
curl -N "http://localhost:5052/eth/v1/events?topics=payload_attributes"
```

## Additional Info

- [x] Tests added by updating the proposer re-org tests. This has the benefit of testing the proposer re-org code paths with withdrawals too, confirming that the new changes don't interact poorly.
- [ ] Benchmarking with `blockdreamer` on devnet-7 showed promising results but I'm yet to do a comparison to `unstable`.


Co-authored-by: Michael Sproul <micsproul@gmail.com>

common/eth2/src/types.rs

@@ -897,6 +897,76 @@ pub struct SseLateHead {
     pub execution_optimistic: bool,
 }
 
+#[superstruct(
+    variants(V1, V2),
+    variant_attributes(derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize))
+)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq, Deserialize, Serialize)]
+#[serde(untagged)]
+pub struct SsePayloadAttributes {
+    #[superstruct(getter(copy))]
+    #[serde(with = "eth2_serde_utils::quoted_u64")]
+    pub timestamp: u64,
+    #[superstruct(getter(copy))]
+    pub prev_randao: Hash256,
+    #[superstruct(getter(copy))]
+    pub suggested_fee_recipient: Address,
+    #[superstruct(only(V2))]
+    pub withdrawals: Vec<Withdrawal>,
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Debug, Deserialize, Serialize, Clone)]
+pub struct SseExtendedPayloadAttributesGeneric<T> {
+    pub proposal_slot: Slot,
+    #[serde(with = "eth2_serde_utils::quoted_u64")]
+    pub proposer_index: u64,
+    pub parent_block_root: Hash256,
+    pub parent_block_hash: ExecutionBlockHash,
+    pub payload_attributes: T,
+}
+
+pub type SseExtendedPayloadAttributes = SseExtendedPayloadAttributesGeneric<SsePayloadAttributes>;
+pub type VersionedSsePayloadAttributes = ForkVersionedResponse<SseExtendedPayloadAttributes>;
+
+impl ForkVersionDeserialize for SsePayloadAttributes {
+    fn deserialize_by_fork<'de, D: serde::Deserializer<'de>>(
+        value: serde_json::value::Value,
+        fork_name: ForkName,
+    ) -> Result<Self, D::Error> {
+        match fork_name {
+            ForkName::Merge => serde_json::from_value(value)
+                .map(Self::V1)
+                .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom),
+            ForkName::Capella => serde_json::from_value(value)
+                .map(Self::V2)
+                .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom),
+            ForkName::Base | ForkName::Altair => Err(serde::de::Error::custom(format!(
+                "SsePayloadAttributes deserialization for {fork_name} not implemented"
+            ))),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ForkVersionDeserialize for SseExtendedPayloadAttributes {
+    fn deserialize_by_fork<'de, D: serde::Deserializer<'de>>(
+        value: serde_json::value::Value,
+        fork_name: ForkName,
+    ) -> Result<Self, D::Error> {
+        let helper: SseExtendedPayloadAttributesGeneric<serde_json::Value> =
+            serde_json::from_value(value).map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            proposal_slot: helper.proposal_slot,
+            proposer_index: helper.proposer_index,
+            parent_block_root: helper.parent_block_root,
+            parent_block_hash: helper.parent_block_hash,
+            payload_attributes: SsePayloadAttributes::deserialize_by_fork::<D>(
+                helper.payload_attributes,
+                fork_name,
+            )?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(PartialEq, Debug, Serialize, Clone)]
 #[serde(bound = "T: EthSpec", untagged)]
 pub enum EventKind<T: EthSpec> {
@@ -910,6 +980,7 @@ pub enum EventKind<T: EthSpec> {
     LateHead(SseLateHead),
     #[cfg(feature = "lighthouse")]
     BlockReward(BlockReward),
+    PayloadAttributes(VersionedSsePayloadAttributes),
 }
 
 impl<T: EthSpec> EventKind<T> {
@@ -922,6 +993,7 @@ impl<T: EthSpec> EventKind<T> {
             EventKind::FinalizedCheckpoint(_) => "finalized_checkpoint",
             EventKind::ChainReorg(_) => "chain_reorg",
             EventKind::ContributionAndProof(_) => "contribution_and_proof",
+            EventKind::PayloadAttributes(_) => "payload_attributes",
             EventKind::LateHead(_) => "late_head",
             #[cfg(feature = "lighthouse")]
             EventKind::BlockReward(_) => "block_reward",
@@ -977,6 +1049,11 @@ impl<T: EthSpec> EventKind<T> {
                     ServerError::InvalidServerSentEvent(format!("Contribution and Proof: {:?}", e))
                 })?,
             ))),
+            "payload_attributes" => Ok(EventKind::PayloadAttributes(
+                serde_json::from_str(data).map_err(|e| {
+                    ServerError::InvalidServerSentEvent(format!("Payload Attributes: {:?}", e))
+                })?,
+            )),
             #[cfg(feature = "lighthouse")]
             "block_reward" => Ok(EventKind::BlockReward(serde_json::from_str(data).map_err(
                 |e| ServerError::InvalidServerSentEvent(format!("Block Reward: {:?}", e)),
@@ -1006,6 +1083,7 @@ pub enum EventTopic {
     ChainReorg,
     ContributionAndProof,
     LateHead,
+    PayloadAttributes,
     #[cfg(feature = "lighthouse")]
     BlockReward,
 }
@@ -1022,6 +1100,7 @@ impl FromStr for EventTopic {
             "finalized_checkpoint" => Ok(EventTopic::FinalizedCheckpoint),
             "chain_reorg" => Ok(EventTopic::ChainReorg),
             "contribution_and_proof" => Ok(EventTopic::ContributionAndProof),
+            "payload_attributes" => Ok(EventTopic::PayloadAttributes),
             "late_head" => Ok(EventTopic::LateHead),
             #[cfg(feature = "lighthouse")]
             "block_reward" => Ok(EventTopic::BlockReward),
@@ -1040,6 +1119,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for EventTopic {
             EventTopic::FinalizedCheckpoint => write!(f, "finalized_checkpoint"),
             EventTopic::ChainReorg => write!(f, "chain_reorg"),
             EventTopic::ContributionAndProof => write!(f, "contribution_and_proof"),
+            EventTopic::PayloadAttributes => write!(f, "payload_attributes"),
             EventTopic::LateHead => write!(f, "late_head"),
             #[cfg(feature = "lighthouse")]
             EventTopic::BlockReward => write!(f, "block_reward"),