diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index cac5905593..a50141e193 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -5472,8 +5472,14 @@ name = "lighthouse_validator_store"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
  "account_utils",
+ "beacon_node_fallback",
  "doppelganger_service",
+ "either",
+ "environment",
+ "eth2",
+ "futures",
  "initialized_validators",
+ "logging",
  "parking_lot 0.12.3",
  "serde",
  "signing_method",
@@ -5481,6 +5487,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "slog",
  "slot_clock",
  "task_executor",
+ "tokio",
  "types",
  "validator_metrics",
  "validator_store",
@@ -9905,7 +9912,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "types",
  "validator_metrics",
  "validator_services",
- "validator_store",
  "warp",
  "warp_utils",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index db365738be..36f5efe2d8 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -233,7 +233,6 @@ compare_fields = { path = "common/compare_fields" }
 deposit_contract = { path = "common/deposit_contract" }
 directory = { path = "common/directory" }
 doppelganger_service = { path = "validator_client/doppelganger_service" }
-validator_services = { path = "validator_client/validator_services" }
 environment = { path = "lighthouse/environment" }
 eth1 = { path = "beacon_node/eth1" }
 eth1_test_rig = { path = "testing/eth1_test_rig" }
@@ -287,6 +286,7 @@ validator_dir = { path = "common/validator_dir" }
 validator_http_api = { path = "validator_client/http_api" }
 validator_http_metrics = { path = "validator_client/http_metrics" }
 validator_metrics = { path = "validator_client/validator_metrics" }
+validator_services = { path = "validator_client/validator_services" }
 validator_store = { path = "validator_client/validator_store" }
 validator_test_rig = { path = "testing/validator_test_rig" }
 warp_utils = { path = "common/warp_utils" }
diff --git a/testing/web3signer_tests/src/lib.rs b/testing/web3signer_tests/src/lib.rs
index 87c809f8c8..05512e9608 100644
--- a/testing/web3signer_tests/src/lib.rs
+++ b/testing/web3signer_tests/src/lib.rs
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ mod tests {
     use tokio::time::sleep;
     use types::{attestation::AttestationBase, *};
     use url::Url;
-    use validator_store::{Error as ValidatorStoreError, SignBlock, ValidatorStore};
+    use validator_store::{Error as ValidatorStoreError, SignedBlock, ValidatorStore};
 
     /// If the we are unable to reach the Web3Signer HTTP API within this time out then we will
     /// assume it failed to start.
@@ -75,6 +75,7 @@ mod tests {
     impl SignedObject for Signature {}
     impl SignedObject for Attestation<E> {}
     impl SignedObject for SignedBeaconBlock<E> {}
+    impl SignedObject for SignedBlock<E> {}
     impl SignedObject for SignedAggregateAndProof<E> {}
     impl SignedObject for SelectionProof {}
     impl SignedObject for SyncSelectionProof {}
@@ -599,10 +600,10 @@ mod tests {
         .assert_signatures_match("beacon_block_base", |pubkey, validator_store| {
             let spec = spec.clone();
             async move {
-                let block = BeaconBlock::Base(BeaconBlockBase::empty(&spec));
+                let block = BeaconBlock::<E>::Base(BeaconBlockBase::empty(&spec));
                 let block_slot = block.slot();
                 validator_store
-                    .sign_block(pubkey, block, block_slot)
+                    .sign_block(pubkey, block.into(), block_slot)
                     .await
                     .unwrap()
             }
@@ -669,10 +670,14 @@ mod tests {
         .assert_signatures_match("beacon_block_altair", |pubkey, validator_store| {
             let spec = spec.clone();
             async move {
-                let mut altair_block = BeaconBlockAltair::empty(&spec);
+                let mut altair_block = BeaconBlockAltair::<E>::empty(&spec);
                 altair_block.slot = altair_fork_slot;
                 validator_store
-                    .sign_block(pubkey, BeaconBlock::Altair(altair_block), altair_fork_slot)
+                    .sign_block(
+                        pubkey,
+                        BeaconBlock::Altair(altair_block).into(),
+                        altair_fork_slot,
+                    )
                     .await
                     .unwrap()
             }
@@ -752,12 +757,12 @@ mod tests {
         .assert_signatures_match("beacon_block_bellatrix", |pubkey, validator_store| {
             let spec = spec.clone();
             async move {
-                let mut bellatrix_block = BeaconBlockBellatrix::empty(&spec);
+                let mut bellatrix_block = BeaconBlockBellatrix::<E>::empty(&spec);
                 bellatrix_block.slot = bellatrix_fork_slot;
                 validator_store
                     .sign_block(
                         pubkey,
-                        BeaconBlock::Bellatrix(bellatrix_block),
+                        BeaconBlock::Bellatrix(bellatrix_block).into(),
                         bellatrix_fork_slot,
                     )
                     .await
@@ -813,7 +818,7 @@ mod tests {
         };
 
         let first_block = || {
-            let mut bellatrix_block = BeaconBlockBellatrix::empty(&spec);
+            let mut bellatrix_block = BeaconBlockBellatrix::<E>::empty(&spec);
             bellatrix_block.slot = bellatrix_fork_slot;
             BeaconBlock::Bellatrix(bellatrix_block)
         };
@@ -879,7 +884,7 @@ mod tests {
             let block = first_block();
             let slot = block.slot();
             validator_store
-                .sign_block(pubkey, block, slot)
+                .sign_block(pubkey, block.into(), slot)
                 .await
                 .unwrap()
         })
@@ -890,7 +895,7 @@ mod tests {
                 let block = double_vote_block();
                 let slot = block.slot();
                 validator_store
-                    .sign_block(pubkey, block, slot)
+                    .sign_block(pubkey, block.into(), slot)
                     .await
                     .map(|_| ())
             },
diff --git a/validator_client/doppelganger_service/src/lib.rs b/validator_client/doppelganger_service/src/lib.rs
index c195b3e8ca..49e70a335a 100644
--- a/validator_client/doppelganger_service/src/lib.rs
+++ b/validator_client/doppelganger_service/src/lib.rs
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ impl DoppelgangerService {
         // Define the `get_liveness` function as one that queries the beacon node API.
         let log = service.log.clone();
         let get_liveness = move |current_epoch, validator_indices| {
-            beacon_node_liveness(
+            beacon_node_liveness::<T>(
                 beacon_nodes.clone(),
                 log.clone(),
                 current_epoch,
@@ -332,17 +332,18 @@ impl DoppelgangerService {
     ///
     /// Validators added during the genesis epoch will not have doppelganger protection applied to
     /// them.
-    pub fn register_new_validator<E: EthSpec, T: SlotClock>(
+    pub fn register_new_validator<T: SlotClock>(
         &self,
         validator: PublicKeyBytes,
         slot_clock: &T,
+        slots_per_epoch: u64,
     ) -> Result<(), String> {
         let current_epoch = slot_clock
             // If registering before genesis, use the genesis slot.
             .now_or_genesis()
             .ok_or_else(|| "Unable to read slot clock when registering validator".to_string())?
-            .epoch(E::slots_per_epoch());
-        let genesis_epoch = slot_clock.genesis_slot().epoch(E::slots_per_epoch());
+            .epoch(slots_per_epoch);
+        let genesis_epoch = slot_clock.genesis_slot().epoch(slots_per_epoch);
 
         let remaining_epochs = if current_epoch <= genesis_epoch {
             // Disable doppelganger protection when the validator was initialized before genesis.
@@ -738,7 +739,7 @@ mod test {
                 .expect("index should exist");
 
             self.doppelganger
-                .register_new_validator::<E, _>(pubkey, &self.slot_clock)
+                .register_new_validator(pubkey, &self.slot_clock, E::slots_per_epoch())
                 .unwrap();
             self.doppelganger
                 .doppelganger_states
diff --git a/validator_client/http_api/src/tests.rs b/validator_client/http_api/src/tests.rs
index aa87b60161..62ae832794 100644
--- a/validator_client/http_api/src/tests.rs
+++ b/validator_client/http_api/src/tests.rs
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ impl ApiTester {
 
         let initialized_validators = validator_store.initialized_validators();
 
-        let context = Arc::new(Context {
+        let context = Arc::new(Context::<_, E> {
             task_executor: test_runtime.task_executor.clone(),
             api_secret,
             block_service: None,
diff --git a/validator_client/http_metrics/Cargo.toml b/validator_client/http_metrics/Cargo.toml
index ad256c07d8..bc1860c6ff 100644
--- a/validator_client/http_metrics/Cargo.toml
+++ b/validator_client/http_metrics/Cargo.toml
@@ -17,6 +17,5 @@ slot_clock = { workspace = true }
 types = { workspace = true }
 validator_metrics = { workspace = true }
 validator_services = { workspace = true }
-validator_store = { workspace = true }
 warp = { workspace = true }
 warp_utils = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/validator_client/lighthouse_validator_store/Cargo.toml b/validator_client/lighthouse_validator_store/Cargo.toml
index 3997453e2c..5d38d6dd11 100644
--- a/validator_client/lighthouse_validator_store/Cargo.toml
+++ b/validator_client/lighthouse_validator_store/Cargo.toml
@@ -6,7 +6,11 @@ authors = ["Sigma Prime <contact@sigmaprime.io>"]
 
 [dependencies]
 account_utils = { workspace = true }
+beacon_node_fallback = { workspace = true }
 doppelganger_service = { workspace = true }
+either = { workspace = true }
+environment = { workspace = true }
+eth2 = { workspace = true }
 initialized_validators = { workspace = true }
 parking_lot = { workspace = true }
 serde = { workspace = true }
@@ -15,6 +19,11 @@ slashing_protection = { workspace = true }
 slog = { workspace = true }
 slot_clock = { workspace = true }
 task_executor = { workspace = true }
+tokio = { workspace = true }
 types = { workspace = true }
 validator_metrics = { workspace = true }
 validator_store = { workspace = true }
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+futures = { workspace = true }
+logging = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/validator_client/lighthouse_validator_store/src/lib.rs b/validator_client/lighthouse_validator_store/src/lib.rs
index 5d438e50c0..0306015523 100644
--- a/validator_client/lighthouse_validator_store/src/lib.rs
+++ b/validator_client/lighthouse_validator_store/src/lib.rs
@@ -117,7 +117,11 @@ impl<T: SlotClock + 'static, E: EthSpec> LighthouseValidatorStore<T, E> {
     pub fn register_all_in_doppelganger_protection_if_enabled(&self) -> Result<(), String> {
         if let Some(doppelganger_service) = &self.doppelganger_service {
             for pubkey in self.validators.read().iter_voting_pubkeys() {
-                doppelganger_service.register_new_validator::<E, _>(*pubkey, &self.slot_clock)?
+                doppelganger_service.register_new_validator(
+                    *pubkey,
+                    &self.slot_clock,
+                    E::slots_per_epoch(),
+                )?
             }
         }
 
@@ -193,8 +197,11 @@ impl<T: SlotClock + 'static, E: EthSpec> LighthouseValidatorStore<T, E> {
             .map_err(|e| format!("failed to register validator: {:?}", e))?;
 
         if let Some(doppelganger_service) = &self.doppelganger_service {
-            doppelganger_service
-                .register_new_validator::<E, _>(validator_pubkey, &self.slot_clock)?;
+            doppelganger_service.register_new_validator(
+                validator_pubkey,
+                &self.slot_clock,
+                E::slots_per_epoch(),
+            )?;
         }
 
         self.validators
diff --git a/validator_client/validator_services/Cargo.toml b/validator_client/validator_services/Cargo.toml
index c3c5ff1768..86208dadef 100644
--- a/validator_client/validator_services/Cargo.toml
+++ b/validator_client/validator_services/Cargo.toml
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ authors = ["Sigma Prime <contact@sigmaprime.io>"]
 
 [dependencies]
 beacon_node_fallback = { workspace = true }
-bls =  { workspace = true }
+bls = { workspace = true }
 either = { workspace = true }
 eth2 = { workspace = true }
 futures = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/validator_client/validator_services/src/duties_service.rs b/validator_client/validator_services/src/duties_service.rs
index cdbbd95a10..3f987b63ed 100644
--- a/validator_client/validator_services/src/duties_service.rs
+++ b/validator_client/validator_services/src/duties_service.rs
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ impl<S: ValidatorStore, T: SlotClock + 'static> DutiesService<S, T> {
     /// It is possible that multiple validators have an identical proposal slot, however that is
     /// likely the result of heavy forking (lol) or inconsistent beacon node connections.
     pub fn block_proposers<E: EthSpec>(&self, slot: Slot) -> HashSet<PublicKeyBytes> {
-        let epoch = slot.epoch(E::slots_per_epoch());
+        let epoch = slot.epoch(S::E::slots_per_epoch());
 
         // Only collect validators that are considered safe in terms of doppelganger protection.
         let signing_pubkeys: HashSet<_> = self
diff --git a/validator_client/validator_store/src/lib.rs b/validator_client/validator_store/src/lib.rs
index 503c693191..6e0a3b0e2e 100644
--- a/validator_client/validator_store/src/lib.rs
+++ b/validator_client/validator_store/src/lib.rs
@@ -177,6 +177,7 @@ pub trait ValidatorStore: Send + Sync {
     fn proposal_data(&self, pubkey: &PublicKeyBytes) -> Option<ProposalData>;
 }
 
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub enum UnsignedBlock<E: EthSpec> {
     Full(BeaconBlock<E>),
     Blinded(BlindedBeaconBlock<E>),
@@ -194,6 +195,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> From<BlindedBeaconBlock<E>> for UnsignedBlock<E> {
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub enum SignedBlock<E: EthSpec> {
     Full(SignedBeaconBlock<E>),
     Blinded(SignedBlindedBeaconBlock<E>),