Gloas payload cache (#9209)

In Gloas, beacon blocks are imported into fork choice immediately - the payload envelope and data columns arrive
separately. KZG commitments moved from the column sidecar into the execution payload bid, so the existing
`DataAvailabilityChecker` (which assumes block and data are coupled) can't be used for Gloas.


  * Introduced `PendingPayloadCache` to keep track of payload and data columns per block root.
* Added gossip column verification
* Added support for Gloas data column reconstruction
* Payload envelope verification simplified: removed `MaybeAvailableEnvelope`, `ExecutedEnvelope`, `EnvelopeImportData`

Not yet implemented (tracked with TODOs):
- Proper lookup sync for Gloas columns arriving before blocks
- Partial column merging for Gloas
- Moving `load_gloas_payload_bid` disk reads off the async runtime
- Backfill/range sync for Gloas

Based on @eserilev's PR and work in progress. See also #9202 for verification.


Co-Authored-By: Eitan Seri-Levi <eserilev@ucsc.edu>

Co-Authored-By: Eitan Seri- Levi <eserilev@gmail.com>

Co-Authored-By: Daniel Knopik <daniel@dknopik.de>

Co-Authored-By: Daniel Knopik <107140945+dknopik@users.noreply.github.com>

Co-Authored-By: dapplion <35266934+dapplion@users.noreply.github.com>

Co-Authored-By: Jimmy Chen <jchen.tc@gmail.com>

beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/data_availability_checker/error.rs

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ use types::{BeaconStateError, ColumnIndex, Hash256};
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub enum Error {
     InvalidBlobs(KzgError),
+    MissingBid(Hash256),
     InvalidColumn((Option<ColumnIndex>, KzgError)),
     ReconstructColumnsError(KzgError),
     KzgCommitmentMismatch {
@@ -23,6 +24,7 @@ pub enum Error {
     RebuildingStateCaches(BeaconStateError),
     SlotClockError,
     InvalidAvailableBlockData,
+    InvalidVariant,
 }
 
 #[derive(PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -38,6 +40,7 @@ impl Error {
         match self {
             Error::SszTypes(_)
             | Error::MissingBlobs
+            | Error::MissingBid(_)
             | Error::MissingCustodyColumns
             | Error::StoreError(_)
             | Error::DecodeError(_)
@@ -46,7 +49,8 @@ impl Error {
             | Error::BlockReplayError(_)
             | Error::RebuildingStateCaches(_)
             | Error::SlotClockError
-            | Error::InvalidAvailableBlockData => ErrorCategory::Internal,
+            | Error::InvalidAvailableBlockData
+            | Error::InvalidVariant => ErrorCategory::Internal,
             Error::InvalidBlobs { .. }
             | Error::InvalidColumn { .. }
             | Error::ReconstructColumnsError { .. }

beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/data_availability_checker/overflow_lru_cache.rs

@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> PendingComponents<E> {
             .unwrap_or(false)
     }
 
-    /// Returns the indices of cached custody columns
+    /// Returns the indices of cached sampling columns
     pub fn get_cached_data_columns_indices(&self) -> Vec<ColumnIndex> {
         self.verified_data_columns
             .iter()