Gloas payload cache (#9209)

In Gloas, beacon blocks are imported into fork choice immediately - the payload envelope and data columns arrive
separately. KZG commitments moved from the column sidecar into the execution payload bid, so the existing
`DataAvailabilityChecker` (which assumes block and data are coupled) can't be used for Gloas.


  * Introduced `PendingPayloadCache` to keep track of payload and data columns per block root.
* Added gossip column verification
* Added support for Gloas data column reconstruction
* Payload envelope verification simplified: removed `MaybeAvailableEnvelope`, `ExecutedEnvelope`, `EnvelopeImportData`

Not yet implemented (tracked with TODOs):
- Proper lookup sync for Gloas columns arriving before blocks
- Partial column merging for Gloas
- Moving `load_gloas_payload_bid` disk reads off the async runtime
- Backfill/range sync for Gloas

Based on @eserilev's PR and work in progress. See also #9202 for verification.


Co-Authored-By: Eitan Seri-Levi <eserilev@ucsc.edu>

Co-Authored-By: Eitan Seri- Levi <eserilev@gmail.com>

Co-Authored-By: Daniel Knopik <daniel@dknopik.de>

Co-Authored-By: Daniel Knopik <107140945+dknopik@users.noreply.github.com>

Co-Authored-By: dapplion <35266934+dapplion@users.noreply.github.com>

Co-Authored-By: Jimmy Chen <jchen.tc@gmail.com>

consensus/types/src/block/signed_beacon_block.rs

@@ -351,6 +351,12 @@ impl<E: EthSpec, Payload: AbstractExecPayload<E>> SignedBeaconBlock<E, Payload>
         self.message()
             .body()
             .blob_kzg_commitments()
+            .or_else(|_| {
+                self.message()
+                    .body()
+                    .signed_execution_payload_bid()
+                    .map(|bid| &bid.message.blob_kzg_commitments)
+            })
             .map(|c| c.len())
             .unwrap_or(0)
     }

consensus/types/src/execution/signed_execution_payload_bid.rs

@@ -23,6 +23,14 @@ pub struct SignedExecutionPayloadBid<E: EthSpec> {
 }
 
 impl<E: EthSpec> SignedExecutionPayloadBid<E> {
+    pub fn epoch(&self) -> crate::Epoch {
+        self.message.slot.epoch(E::slots_per_epoch())
+    }
+
+    pub fn slot(&self) -> crate::Slot {
+        self.message.slot
+    }
+
     pub fn empty() -> Self {
         Self {
             message: ExecutionPayloadBid::default(),