Implement Slashing Protection (#1116)

* Implement slashing protection

Roll-up of #588 with some conflicts resolved

* WIP improvements

* Require slot uniqueness for blocks (rather than epochs)
* Native DB support for Slot and Epoch
* Simplify surrounding/surrounded-by queries

* Implement unified slashing protection database

A single SQL database saves on open file descriptors.

* Make slashing protection concurrency safe.

Revive tests, add parallel tests.

* Some simplifications

* Auto-registration, test clean-ups

* More tests, clean-ups, hardening

* Fix comments in BLS

* Optimise bulk validator registration

* Delete outdated tests

* Use bundled SQLite in slashing protection

* Auto-register validators in simulation

* Use real signing_root in slashing protection

* Update book for --auto-register

* Refine log messages and help flags

* Correct typo in Cargo.toml authors

* Fix merge conflicts

* Safer error handling in sqlite slot/epoch

* Address review comments

* Add attestation test mutating block root

Co-authored-by: pscott <scottpiriou@gmail.com>

Cargo.lock

@@ -1418,6 +1418,18 @@ version = "0.1.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e88a8acf291dafb59c2d96e8f59828f3838bb1a70398823ade51a84de6a6deed"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "fallible-iterator"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4443176a9f2c162692bd3d352d745ef9413eec5782a80d8fd6f8a1ac692a07f7"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "fallible-streaming-iterator"
+version = "0.1.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7360491ce676a36bf9bb3c56c1aa791658183a54d2744120f27285738d90465a"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "fixed-hash"
 version = "0.6.1"
@@ -2490,6 +2502,17 @@ dependencies = [
  "typenum",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "libsqlite3-sys"
+version = "0.17.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "56d90181c2904c287e5390186be820e5ef311a3c62edebb7d6ca3d6a48ce041d"
+dependencies = [
+ "cc",
+ "pkg-config",
+ "vcpkg",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "libz-sys"
 version = "1.0.25"
@@ -2584,6 +2607,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "hashbrown",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "lru-cache"
+version = "0.1.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "31e24f1ad8321ca0e8a1e0ac13f23cb668e6f5466c2c57319f6a5cf1cc8e3b1c"
+dependencies = [
+ "linked-hash-map",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "matches"
 version = "0.1.8"
@@ -3365,6 +3397,27 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "r2d2"
+version = "0.8.8"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1497e40855348e4a8a40767d8e55174bce1e445a3ac9254ad44ad468ee0485af"
+dependencies = [
+ "log 0.4.8",
+ "parking_lot 0.10.2",
+ "scheduled-thread-pool",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "r2d2_sqlite"
+version = "0.15.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5e15ff794e7c8bb8ae20ccac5bac6a93a4a3af708dd801d4094f80da41196f33"
+dependencies = [
+ "r2d2",
+ "rusqlite",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "radium"
 version = "0.3.0"
@@ -3696,6 +3749,21 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustc-hex",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "rusqlite"
+version = "0.22.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "57edf4c4cea4d7e0fab069acb5da9e8e8e5403c78abc81b1f37d83af02148ea5"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 1.2.1",
+ "fallible-iterator",
+ "fallible-streaming-iterator",
+ "libsqlite3-sys",
+ "lru-cache",
+ "memchr",
+ "time",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rust-argon2"
 version = "0.7.0"
@@ -3813,6 +3881,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "winapi 0.3.8",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "scheduled-thread-pool"
+version = "0.2.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0988d7fdf88d5e5fcf5923a0f1e8ab345f3e98ab4bc6bc45a2d5ff7f7458fbf6"
+dependencies = [
+ "parking_lot 0.10.2",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "scoped-tls"
 version = "0.1.2"
@@ -4070,6 +4147,20 @@ version = "0.4.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c111b5bd5695e56cffe5129854aa230b39c93a305372fdbb2668ca2394eea9f8"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "slashing_protection"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "parking_lot 0.9.0",
+ "r2d2",
+ "r2d2_sqlite",
+ "rayon",
+ "rusqlite",
+ "tempfile",
+ "tree_hash",
+ "types",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "slog"
 version = "2.5.2"
@@ -4996,6 +5087,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "rand 0.7.3",
  "rand_xorshift",
  "rayon",
+ "rusqlite",
  "safe_arith",
  "serde",
  "serde_derive",
@@ -5160,6 +5252,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
  "serde_derive",
  "serde_json",
+ "slashing_protection",
  "slog",
  "slog-async",
  "slog-term",