diff --git a/validator_client/doppelganger_service/src/lib.rs b/validator_client/doppelganger_service/src/lib.rs
index 668dd73ab2..348890705f 100644
--- a/validator_client/doppelganger_service/src/lib.rs
+++ b/validator_client/doppelganger_service/src/lib.rs
@@ -883,8 +883,8 @@ mod test {
         }
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn unregistered_validator() {
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn unregistered_validator() {
         // Non-genesis epoch
         let epoch = genesis_epoch() + 2;
 
@@ -995,7 +995,7 @@ mod test {
                 },
             )
             // All validators should be enabled.
-            .assert_all_enabled();
+            .assert_all_enabled().await;
     }
 
     async fn detect_after_genesis_test<F>(mutate_responses: F)
@@ -1073,8 +1073,8 @@ mod test {
         .await
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn register_prior_to_genesis() {
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn register_prior_to_genesis() {
         let prior_to_genesis = GENESIS_TIME.checked_sub(SLOT_DURATION).unwrap();
 
         TestBuilder::default()
@@ -1244,8 +1244,8 @@ mod test {
             });
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn time_skips_forward_with_doppelgangers() {
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn time_skips_forward_with_doppelgangers() {
         let initial_epoch = genesis_epoch() + 1;
         let initial_slot = initial_epoch.start_slot(E::slots_per_epoch());
         let skipped_forward_epoch = initial_epoch + 42;
@@ -1256,6 +1256,7 @@ mod test {
             .set_slot(initial_slot)
             .register_all_in_doppelganger_protection_if_enabled()
             .assert_all_disabled()
+            .await
             // First, simulate a check in the initialization epoch.
             .simulate_detect_doppelgangers(
                 initial_slot,
@@ -1268,6 +1269,7 @@ mod test {
                 },
             )
             .assert_all_disabled()
+            .await
             .assert_all_states(&DoppelgangerState {
                 next_check_epoch: initial_epoch + 1,
                 remaining_epochs: DEFAULT_REMAINING_DETECTION_EPOCHS,
@@ -1294,8 +1296,8 @@ mod test {
             });
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn time_skips_backward() {
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn time_skips_backward() {
         let initial_epoch = genesis_epoch() + 42;
         let initial_slot = initial_epoch.start_slot(E::slots_per_epoch());
         let skipped_backward_epoch = initial_epoch - 12;
@@ -1306,6 +1308,7 @@ mod test {
             .set_slot(initial_slot)
             .register_all_in_doppelganger_protection_if_enabled()
             .assert_all_disabled()
+            .await
             // First, simulate a check in the initialization epoch.
             .simulate_detect_doppelgangers(
                 initial_slot,
@@ -1318,6 +1321,7 @@ mod test {
                 },
             )
             .assert_all_disabled()
+            .await
             .assert_all_states(&DoppelgangerState {
                 next_check_epoch: initial_epoch + 1,
                 remaining_epochs: DEFAULT_REMAINING_DETECTION_EPOCHS,
@@ -1334,6 +1338,7 @@ mod test {
                 },
             )
             .assert_all_disabled()
+            .await
             // When time skips backward we should *not* allow doppelganger advancement.
             .assert_all_states(&DoppelgangerState {
                 next_check_epoch: initial_epoch + 1,
@@ -1341,8 +1346,8 @@ mod test {
             });
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn staggered_entry() {
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn staggered_entry() {
         let early_epoch = genesis_epoch() + 42;
         let early_slot = early_epoch.start_slot(E::slots_per_epoch());
         let early_activation_slot =
@@ -1363,7 +1368,8 @@ mod test {
             .register_validators(&early_validators)
             .set_slot(late_slot)
             .register_validators(&late_validators)
-            .assert_all_disabled();
+            .assert_all_disabled()
+            .await;
 
         for slot in early_slot.as_u64()..=late_activation_slot.as_u64() {
             let slot = Slot::new(slot);
@@ -1401,6 +1407,6 @@ mod test {
             }
         }
 
-        scenario.assert_all_enabled();
+        scenario.assert_all_enabled().await;
     }
 }
diff --git a/validator_client/lighthouse_validator_store/src/lib.rs b/validator_client/lighthouse_validator_store/src/lib.rs
index c253312f09..ef3364358b 100644
--- a/validator_client/lighthouse_validator_store/src/lib.rs
+++ b/validator_client/lighthouse_validator_store/src/lib.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ use account_utils::validator_definitions::{PasswordStorage, ValidatorDefinition}
 use doppelganger_service::DoppelgangerService;
 use initialized_validators::InitializedValidators;
 use logging::crit;
-use parking_lot::Mutex;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use signing_method::Error as SigningError;
 use signing_method::{SignableMessage, SigningContext, SigningMethod};
@@ -14,7 +13,7 @@ use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use task_executor::TaskExecutor;
-use tokio::sync::RwLock;
+use tokio::sync::{Mutex, RwLock};
 use tracing::{error, info, warn};
 use types::{
     graffiti::GraffitiString, AbstractExecPayload, Address, AggregateAndProof, Attestation,
@@ -264,12 +263,13 @@ impl<T: SlotClock + 'static, E: EthSpec> LighthouseValidatorStore<T, E> {
     /// ## Warning
     ///
     /// This method should only be used for signing non-slashable messages.
-    fn doppelganger_bypassed_signing_method(
+    async fn doppelganger_bypassed_signing_method(
         &self,
         validator_pubkey: PublicKeyBytes,
     ) -> Result<Arc<SigningMethod>, Error> {
         self.validators
             .read()
+            .await
             .signing_method(&validator_pubkey)
             .ok_or(Error::UnknownPubkey(validator_pubkey))
     }
@@ -313,9 +313,10 @@ impl<T: SlotClock + 'static, E: EthSpec> LighthouseValidatorStore<T, E> {
 
     /// Returns the suggested_fee_recipient from `validator_definitions.yml` if any.
     /// This has been pulled into a private function so the read lock is dropped easily
-    fn suggested_fee_recipient(&self, validator_pubkey: &PublicKeyBytes) -> Option<Address> {
+    async fn suggested_fee_recipient(&self, validator_pubkey: &PublicKeyBytes) -> Option<Address> {
         self.validators
             .read()
+            .await
             .suggested_fee_recipient(validator_pubkey)
     }
 
@@ -325,8 +326,8 @@ impl<T: SlotClock + 'static, E: EthSpec> LighthouseValidatorStore<T, E> {
     /// 1. validator_definitions.yml
     /// 2. process level gas limit
     /// 3. `DEFAULT_GAS_LIMIT`
-    pub fn get_gas_limit(&self, validator_pubkey: &PublicKeyBytes) -> u64 {
-        self.get_gas_limit_defaulting(self.validators.read().gas_limit(validator_pubkey))
+    pub async fn get_gas_limit(&self, validator_pubkey: &PublicKeyBytes) -> u64 {
+        self.get_gas_limit_defaulting(self.validators.read().await.gas_limit(validator_pubkey))
     }
 
     fn get_gas_limit_defaulting(&self, gas_limit: Option<u64>) -> u64 {
@@ -347,11 +348,17 @@ impl<T: SlotClock + 'static, E: EthSpec> LighthouseValidatorStore<T, E> {
     ///
     /// This function is currently only used in tests because in prod it is translated and combined
     /// with other flags into a builder boost factor (see `determine_builder_boost_factor`).
-    pub fn get_builder_proposals_testing_only(&self, validator_pubkey: &PublicKeyBytes) -> bool {
+    pub async fn get_builder_proposals_testing_only(
+        &self,
+        validator_pubkey: &PublicKeyBytes,
+    ) -> bool {
         // If there is a `suggested_fee_recipient` in the validator definitions yaml
         // file, use that value.
         self.get_builder_proposals_defaulting(
-            self.validators.read().builder_proposals(validator_pubkey),
+            self.validators
+                .read()
+                .await
+                .builder_proposals(validator_pubkey),
         )
     }
 
@@ -368,12 +375,13 @@ impl<T: SlotClock + 'static, E: EthSpec> LighthouseValidatorStore<T, E> {
     ///
     /// This function is currently only used in tests because in prod it is translated and combined
     /// with other flags into a builder boost factor (see `determine_builder_boost_factor`).
-    pub fn get_builder_boost_factor_testing_only(
+    pub async fn get_builder_boost_factor_testing_only(
         &self,
         validator_pubkey: &PublicKeyBytes,
     ) -> Option<u64> {
         self.validators
             .read()
+            .await
             .builder_boost_factor(validator_pubkey)
             .or(self.builder_boost_factor)
     }
@@ -386,12 +394,13 @@ impl<T: SlotClock + 'static, E: EthSpec> LighthouseValidatorStore<T, E> {
     ///
     /// This function is currently only used in tests because in prod it is translated and combined
     /// with other flags into a builder boost factor (see `determine_builder_boost_factor`).
-    pub fn get_prefer_builder_proposals_testing_only(
+    pub async fn get_prefer_builder_proposals_testing_only(
         &self,
         validator_pubkey: &PublicKeyBytes,
     ) -> bool {
         self.validators
             .read()
+            .await
             .prefer_builder_proposals(validator_pubkey)
             .unwrap_or(self.prefer_builder_proposals)
     }
@@ -537,7 +546,9 @@ impl<T: SlotClock + 'static, E: EthSpec> LighthouseValidatorStore<T, E> {
     ) -> Result<SignedVoluntaryExit, Error> {
         let signing_epoch = voluntary_exit.epoch;
         let signing_context = self.signing_context(Domain::VoluntaryExit, signing_epoch);
-        let signing_method = self.doppelganger_bypassed_signing_method(validator_pubkey)?;
+        let signing_method = self
+            .doppelganger_bypassed_signing_method(validator_pubkey)
+            .await?;
 
         let signature = signing_method
             .get_signature::<E, BlindedPayload<E>>(
@@ -584,7 +595,7 @@ impl<T: SlotClock + 'static, E: EthSpec> ValidatorStore for LighthouseValidatorS
     /// - `DoppelgangerStatus::ignored`: returns all the pubkeys from `only_safe` *plus* those still
     ///   undergoing protection. This is useful for collecting duties or other non-signing tasks.
     #[allow(clippy::needless_collect)] // Collect is required to avoid holding a lock.
-    fn voting_pubkeys<I, F>(&self, filter_func: F) -> I
+    async fn voting_pubkeys<I, F>(&self, filter_func: F) -> I
     where
         I: FromIterator<PublicKeyBytes>,
         F: Fn(DoppelgangerStatus) -> Option<PublicKeyBytes>,
@@ -594,6 +605,7 @@ impl<T: SlotClock + 'static, E: EthSpec> ValidatorStore for LighthouseValidatorS
         let pubkeys = self
             .validators
             .read()
+            .await
             .iter_voting_pubkeys()
             .cloned()
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
@@ -626,22 +638,22 @@ impl<T: SlotClock + 'static, E: EthSpec> ValidatorStore for LighthouseValidatorS
             })
     }
 
-    fn num_voting_validators(&self) -> usize {
-        self.validators.read().num_enabled()
+    async fn num_voting_validators(&self) -> usize {
+        self.validators.read().await.num_enabled()
     }
 
-    fn graffiti(&self, validator_pubkey: &PublicKeyBytes) -> Option<Graffiti> {
-        self.validators.read().graffiti(validator_pubkey)
+    async fn graffiti(&self, validator_pubkey: &PublicKeyBytes) -> Option<Graffiti> {
+        self.validators.read().await.graffiti(validator_pubkey)
     }
 
     /// Returns the fee recipient for the given public key. The priority order for fetching
     /// the fee recipient is:
     /// 1. validator_definitions.yml
     /// 2. process level fee recipient
-    fn get_fee_recipient(&self, validator_pubkey: &PublicKeyBytes) -> Option<Address> {
+    async fn get_fee_recipient(&self, validator_pubkey: &PublicKeyBytes) -> Option<Address> {
         // If there is a `suggested_fee_recipient` in the validator definitions yaml
         // file, use that value.
-        self.get_fee_recipient_defaulting(self.suggested_fee_recipient(validator_pubkey))
+        self.get_fee_recipient_defaulting(self.suggested_fee_recipient(validator_pubkey).await)
     }
 
     /// Translate the per validator and per process `builder_proposals`, `builder_boost_factor` and
@@ -656,29 +668,30 @@ impl<T: SlotClock + 'static, E: EthSpec> ValidatorStore for LighthouseValidatorS
     /// - If `builder_proposals` is set to false, set boost factor to 0 to indicate a preference for
     ///   local payloads.
     /// - Else return `None` to indicate no preference between builder and local payloads.
-    fn determine_builder_boost_factor(&self, validator_pubkey: &PublicKeyBytes) -> Option<u64> {
+    async fn determine_builder_boost_factor(
+        &self,
+        validator_pubkey: &PublicKeyBytes,
+    ) -> Option<u64> {
         let validator_prefer_builder_proposals = self
             .validators
             .read()
+            .await
             .prefer_builder_proposals(validator_pubkey);
 
         if matches!(validator_prefer_builder_proposals, Some(true)) {
             return Some(u64::MAX);
         }
 
-        let factor = self
-            .validators
-            .read()
+        let validators = self.validators.read().await;
+        let factor = validators
             .builder_boost_factor(validator_pubkey)
             .or_else(|| {
-                if matches!(
-                    self.validators.read().builder_proposals(validator_pubkey),
-                    Some(false)
-                ) {
+                if matches!(validators.builder_proposals(validator_pubkey), Some(false)) {
                     return Some(0);
                 }
                 None
             });
+        drop(validators);
 
         factor
             .or_else(|| {
@@ -727,9 +740,10 @@ impl<T: SlotClock + 'static, E: EthSpec> ValidatorStore for LighthouseValidatorS
         Ok(signature)
     }
 
-    fn set_validator_index(&self, validator_pubkey: &PublicKeyBytes, index: u64) {
+    async fn set_validator_index(&self, validator_pubkey: &PublicKeyBytes, index: u64) {
         self.initialized_validators()
             .write()
+            .await
             .set_index(validator_pubkey, index);
     }
 
@@ -851,8 +865,9 @@ impl<T: SlotClock + 'static, E: EthSpec> ValidatorStore for LighthouseValidatorS
         let domain_hash = self.spec.get_builder_domain();
         let signing_root = validator_registration_data.signing_root(domain_hash);
 
-        let signing_method =
-            self.doppelganger_bypassed_signing_method(validator_registration_data.pubkey)?;
+        let signing_method = self
+            .doppelganger_bypassed_signing_method(validator_registration_data.pubkey)
+            .await?;
         let signature = signing_method
             .get_signature_from_root::<E, BlindedPayload<E>>(
                 SignableMessage::ValidatorRegistration(&validator_registration_data),
@@ -929,7 +944,9 @@ impl<T: SlotClock + 'static, E: EthSpec> ValidatorStore for LighthouseValidatorS
         //
         // As long as we disallow `SignedAggregateAndProof` then these selection proofs will never
         // be published on the network.
-        let signing_method = self.doppelganger_bypassed_signing_method(validator_pubkey)?;
+        let signing_method = self
+            .doppelganger_bypassed_signing_method(validator_pubkey)
+            .await?;
 
         let signature = signing_method
             .get_signature::<E, BlindedPayload<E>>(
@@ -961,7 +978,9 @@ impl<T: SlotClock + 'static, E: EthSpec> ValidatorStore for LighthouseValidatorS
             self.signing_context(Domain::SyncCommitteeSelectionProof, signing_epoch);
 
         // Bypass `with_validator_signing_method`: sync committee messages are not slashable.
-        let signing_method = self.doppelganger_bypassed_signing_method(*validator_pubkey)?;
+        let signing_method = self
+            .doppelganger_bypassed_signing_method(*validator_pubkey)
+            .await?;
 
         validator_metrics::inc_counter_vec(
             &validator_metrics::SIGNED_SYNC_SELECTION_PROOFS_TOTAL,
@@ -997,7 +1016,9 @@ impl<T: SlotClock + 'static, E: EthSpec> ValidatorStore for LighthouseValidatorS
         let signing_context = self.signing_context(Domain::SyncCommittee, signing_epoch);
 
         // Bypass `with_validator_signing_method`: sync committee messages are not slashable.
-        let signing_method = self.doppelganger_bypassed_signing_method(*validator_pubkey)?;
+        let signing_method = self
+            .doppelganger_bypassed_signing_method(*validator_pubkey)
+            .await?;
 
         let signature = signing_method
             .get_signature::<E, BlindedPayload<E>>(
@@ -1036,7 +1057,9 @@ impl<T: SlotClock + 'static, E: EthSpec> ValidatorStore for LighthouseValidatorS
         let signing_context = self.signing_context(Domain::ContributionAndProof, signing_epoch);
 
         // Bypass `with_validator_signing_method`: sync committee messages are not slashable.
-        let signing_method = self.doppelganger_bypassed_signing_method(aggregator_pubkey)?;
+        let signing_method = self
+            .doppelganger_bypassed_signing_method(aggregator_pubkey)
+            .await?;
 
         let message = ContributionAndProof {
             aggregator_index,
@@ -1067,10 +1090,10 @@ impl<T: SlotClock + 'static, E: EthSpec> ValidatorStore for LighthouseValidatorS
     /// This function will only do actual pruning periodically, so it should usually be
     /// cheap to call. The `first_run` flag can be used to print a more verbose message when pruning
     /// runs.
-    fn prune_slashing_protection_db(&self, current_epoch: Epoch, first_run: bool) {
+    async fn prune_slashing_protection_db(&self, current_epoch: Epoch, first_run: bool) {
         // Attempt to prune every SLASHING_PROTECTION_HISTORY_EPOCHs, with a tolerance for
         // missing the epoch that aligns exactly.
-        let mut last_prune = self.slashing_protection_last_prune.lock();
+        let mut last_prune = self.slashing_protection_last_prune.lock().await;
         if current_epoch / SLASHING_PROTECTION_HISTORY_EPOCHS
             <= *last_prune / SLASHING_PROTECTION_HISTORY_EPOCHS
         {
@@ -1093,7 +1116,7 @@ impl<T: SlotClock + 'static, E: EthSpec> ValidatorStore for LighthouseValidatorS
         let new_min_target_epoch = current_epoch.saturating_sub(SLASHING_PROTECTION_HISTORY_EPOCHS);
         let new_min_slot = new_min_target_epoch.start_slot(E::slots_per_epoch());
 
-        let all_pubkeys: Vec<_> = self.voting_pubkeys(DoppelgangerStatus::ignored);
+        let all_pubkeys: Vec<_> = self.voting_pubkeys(DoppelgangerStatus::ignored).await;
 
         if let Err(e) = self
             .slashing_protection
@@ -1125,9 +1148,10 @@ impl<T: SlotClock + 'static, E: EthSpec> ValidatorStore for LighthouseValidatorS
     /// Returns `ProposalData` for the provided `pubkey` if it exists in `InitializedValidators`.
     /// `ProposalData` fields include defaulting logic described in `get_fee_recipient_defaulting`,
     /// `get_gas_limit_defaulting`, and `get_builder_proposals_defaulting`.
-    fn proposal_data(&self, pubkey: &PublicKeyBytes) -> Option<ProposalData> {
+    async fn proposal_data(&self, pubkey: &PublicKeyBytes) -> Option<ProposalData> {
         self.validators
             .read()
+            .await
             .validator(pubkey)
             .map(|validator| ProposalData {
                 validator_index: validator.get_index(),
diff --git a/validator_client/validator_services/src/attestation_service.rs b/validator_client/validator_services/src/attestation_service.rs
index c1e96a2808..24885a098c 100644
--- a/validator_client/validator_services/src/attestation_service.rs
+++ b/validator_client/validator_services/src/attestation_service.rs
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ impl<S: ValidatorStore + 'static, T: SlotClock + 'static> AttestationService<S,
                 if let Some(duration_to_next_slot) = self.slot_clock.duration_to_next_slot() {
                     sleep(duration_to_next_slot + slot_duration / 3).await;
 
-                    if let Err(e) = self.spawn_attestation_tasks(slot_duration) {
+                    if let Err(e) = self.spawn_attestation_tasks(slot_duration).await {
                         crit!(error = e, "Failed to spawn attestation tasks")
                     } else {
                         trace!("Spawned attestation tasks");
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ impl<S: ValidatorStore + 'static, T: SlotClock + 'static> AttestationService<S,
 
     /// For each each required attestation, spawn a new task that downloads, signs and uploads the
     /// attestation to the beacon node.
-    fn spawn_attestation_tasks(&self, slot_duration: Duration) -> Result<(), String> {
+    async fn spawn_attestation_tasks(&self, slot_duration: Duration) -> Result<(), String> {
         let slot = self.slot_clock.now().ok_or("Failed to read slot clock")?;
         let duration_to_next_slot = self
             .slot_clock
@@ -197,16 +197,16 @@ impl<S: ValidatorStore + 'static, T: SlotClock + 'static> AttestationService<S,
                 .checked_sub(slot_duration / 3)
                 .unwrap_or_else(|| Duration::from_secs(0));
 
-        let duties_by_committee_index: HashMap<CommitteeIndex, Vec<DutyAndProof>> = self
-            .duties_service
-            .attesters(slot)
-            .into_iter()
-            .fold(HashMap::new(), |mut map, duty_and_proof| {
-                map.entry(duty_and_proof.duty.committee_index)
-                    .or_default()
-                    .push(duty_and_proof);
-                map
-            });
+        let duties_by_committee_index: HashMap<CommitteeIndex, Vec<DutyAndProof>> =
+            self.duties_service.attesters(slot).await.into_iter().fold(
+                HashMap::new(),
+                |mut map, duty_and_proof| {
+                    map.entry(duty_and_proof.duty.committee_index)
+                        .or_default()
+                        .push(duty_and_proof);
+                    map
+                },
+            );
 
         // For each committee index for this slot:
         //
@@ -704,11 +704,12 @@ impl<S: ValidatorStore + 'static, T: SlotClock + 'static> AttestationService<S,
             async move {
                 sleep_until(pruning_instant).await;
 
-                executor.spawn_blocking(
-                    move || {
+                executor.spawn(
+                    async move {
                         attestation_service
                             .validator_store
                             .prune_slashing_protection_db(current_epoch, false)
+                            .await
                     },
                     "slashing_protection_pruning",
                 )
diff --git a/validator_client/validator_services/src/block_service.rs b/validator_client/validator_services/src/block_service.rs
index 2f29c1feb7..15ffa18da8 100644
--- a/validator_client/validator_services/src/block_service.rs
+++ b/validator_client/validator_services/src/block_service.rs
@@ -296,12 +296,12 @@ impl<S: ValidatorStore + 'static, T: SlotClock + 'static> BlockService<S, T> {
         }
 
         for validator_pubkey in proposers {
-            let builder_boost_factor = self
-                .validator_store
-                .determine_builder_boost_factor(&validator_pubkey);
             let service = self.clone();
             self.inner.executor.spawn(
                 async move {
+                    let builder_boost_factor = service
+                        .validator_store
+                        .determine_builder_boost_factor(&validator_pubkey).await;
                     let result = service
                         .publish_block(slot, validator_pubkey, builder_boost_factor)
                         .await;
@@ -448,13 +448,16 @@ impl<S: ValidatorStore + 'static, T: SlotClock + 'static> BlockService<S, T> {
         let graffiti = determine_graffiti(
             &validator_pubkey,
             self.graffiti_file.clone(),
-            self.validator_store.graffiti(&validator_pubkey),
+            self.validator_store.graffiti(&validator_pubkey).await,
             self.graffiti,
         );
 
         let randao_reveal_ref = &randao_reveal;
         let self_ref = &self;
-        let proposer_index = self.validator_store.validator_index(&validator_pubkey);
+        let proposer_index = self
+            .validator_store
+            .validator_index(&validator_pubkey)
+            .await;
         let proposer_fallback = ProposerFallback {
             beacon_nodes: self.beacon_nodes.clone(),
             proposer_nodes: self.proposer_nodes.clone(),
diff --git a/validator_client/validator_services/src/duties_service.rs b/validator_client/validator_services/src/duties_service.rs
index b4d9bae273..5505f1b452 100644
--- a/validator_client/validator_services/src/duties_service.rs
+++ b/validator_client/validator_services/src/duties_service.rs
@@ -341,16 +341,17 @@ pub struct DutiesService<S, T> {
 
 impl<S: ValidatorStore, T: SlotClock + 'static> DutiesService<S, T> {
     /// Returns the total number of validators known to the duties service.
-    pub fn total_validator_count(&self) -> usize {
-        self.validator_store.num_voting_validators()
+    pub async fn total_validator_count(&self) -> usize {
+        self.validator_store.num_voting_validators().await
     }
 
     /// Returns the total number of validators that should propose in the given epoch.
-    pub fn proposer_count(&self, epoch: Epoch) -> usize {
+    pub async fn proposer_count(&self, epoch: Epoch) -> usize {
         // Only collect validators that are considered safe in terms of doppelganger protection.
         let signing_pubkeys: HashSet<_> = self
             .validator_store
-            .voting_pubkeys(DoppelgangerStatus::only_safe);
+            .voting_pubkeys(DoppelgangerStatus::only_safe)
+            .await;
 
         self.proposers
             .read()
@@ -364,11 +365,12 @@ impl<S: ValidatorStore, T: SlotClock + 'static> DutiesService<S, T> {
     }
 
     /// Returns the total number of validators that should attest in the given epoch.
-    pub fn attester_count(&self, epoch: Epoch) -> usize {
+    pub async fn attester_count(&self, epoch: Epoch) -> usize {
         // Only collect validators that are considered safe in terms of doppelganger protection.
         let signing_pubkeys: HashSet<_> = self
             .validator_store
-            .voting_pubkeys(DoppelgangerStatus::only_safe);
+            .voting_pubkeys(DoppelgangerStatus::only_safe)
+            .await;
         self.attesters
             .read()
             .iter()
@@ -379,9 +381,10 @@ impl<S: ValidatorStore, T: SlotClock + 'static> DutiesService<S, T> {
     }
 
     /// Returns the total number of validators that are in a doppelganger detection period.
-    pub fn doppelganger_detecting_count(&self) -> usize {
+    pub async fn doppelganger_detecting_count(&self) -> usize {
         self.validator_store
             .voting_pubkeys::<HashSet<_>, _>(DoppelgangerStatus::only_unsafe)
+            .await
             .len()
     }
 
@@ -389,13 +392,14 @@ impl<S: ValidatorStore, T: SlotClock + 'static> DutiesService<S, T> {
     ///
     /// It is possible that multiple validators have an identical proposal slot, however that is
     /// likely the result of heavy forking (lol) or inconsistent beacon node connections.
-    pub fn block_proposers(&self, slot: Slot) -> HashSet<PublicKeyBytes> {
+    pub async fn block_proposers(&self, slot: Slot) -> HashSet<PublicKeyBytes> {
         let epoch = slot.epoch(S::E::slots_per_epoch());
 
         // Only collect validators that are considered safe in terms of doppelganger protection.
         let signing_pubkeys: HashSet<_> = self
             .validator_store
-            .voting_pubkeys(DoppelgangerStatus::only_safe);
+            .voting_pubkeys(DoppelgangerStatus::only_safe)
+            .await;
 
         self.proposers
             .read()
@@ -414,13 +418,14 @@ impl<S: ValidatorStore, T: SlotClock + 'static> DutiesService<S, T> {
     }
 
     /// Returns all `ValidatorDuty` for the given `slot`.
-    pub fn attesters(&self, slot: Slot) -> Vec<DutyAndProof> {
+    pub async fn attesters(&self, slot: Slot) -> Vec<DutyAndProof> {
         let epoch = slot.epoch(S::E::slots_per_epoch());
 
         // Only collect validators that are considered safe in terms of doppelganger protection.
         let signing_pubkeys: HashSet<_> = self
             .validator_store
-            .voting_pubkeys(DoppelgangerStatus::only_safe);
+            .voting_pubkeys(DoppelgangerStatus::only_safe)
+            .await;
 
         self.attesters
             .read()
@@ -436,9 +441,9 @@ impl<S: ValidatorStore, T: SlotClock + 'static> DutiesService<S, T> {
     }
 
     /// Returns `true` if we should collect per validator metrics and `false` otherwise.
-    pub fn per_validator_metrics(&self) -> bool {
+    pub async fn per_validator_metrics(&self) -> bool {
         self.enable_high_validator_count_metrics
-            || self.total_validator_count() <= VALIDATOR_METRICS_MIN_COUNT
+            || self.total_validator_count().await <= VALIDATOR_METRICS_MIN_COUNT
     }
 }
 
@@ -586,13 +591,15 @@ async fn poll_validator_indices<S: ValidatorStore, T: SlotClock + 'static>(
     // collect those indices.
     let all_pubkeys: Vec<_> = duties_service
         .validator_store
-        .voting_pubkeys(DoppelgangerStatus::ignored);
+        .voting_pubkeys(DoppelgangerStatus::ignored)
+        .await;
 
     for pubkey in all_pubkeys {
         // This is on its own line to avoid some weirdness with locks and if statements.
         let is_known = duties_service
             .validator_store
             .validator_index(&pubkey)
+            .await
             .is_some();
 
         if !is_known {
@@ -634,6 +641,7 @@ async fn poll_validator_indices<S: ValidatorStore, T: SlotClock + 'static>(
             let fee_recipient = duties_service
                 .validator_store
                 .get_fee_recipient(&pubkey)
+                .await
                 .map(|fr| fr.to_string())
                 .unwrap_or_else(|| {
                     "Fee recipient for validator not set in validator_definitions.yml \
@@ -713,13 +721,18 @@ async fn poll_beacon_attesters<S: ValidatorStore + 'static, T: SlotClock + 'stat
     // and get more information about other running instances.
     let local_pubkeys: HashSet<_> = duties_service
         .validator_store
-        .voting_pubkeys(DoppelgangerStatus::ignored);
+        .voting_pubkeys(DoppelgangerStatus::ignored)
+        .await;
 
     let local_indices = {
         let mut local_indices = Vec::with_capacity(local_pubkeys.len());
 
         for &pubkey in &local_pubkeys {
-            if let Some(validator_index) = duties_service.validator_store.validator_index(&pubkey) {
+            if let Some(validator_index) = duties_service
+                .validator_store
+                .validator_index(&pubkey)
+                .await
+            {
                 local_indices.push(validator_index)
             }
         }
@@ -906,7 +919,7 @@ async fn poll_beacon_attesters_for_epoch<S: ValidatorStore + 'static, T: SlotClo
     // determine whether validator duties need to be updated. This is to ensure that we don't
     // request for extra data unless necessary in order to save on network bandwidth.
     let uninitialized_validators =
-        get_uninitialized_validators(duties_service, &epoch, local_pubkeys);
+        get_uninitialized_validators(duties_service, &epoch, local_pubkeys).await;
     let initial_indices_to_request = if !uninitialized_validators.is_empty() {
         uninitialized_validators.as_slice()
     } else {
@@ -940,11 +953,15 @@ async fn poll_beacon_attesters_for_epoch<S: ValidatorStore + 'static, T: SlotClo
 
     // Make a request for all indices that require updating which we have not already made a request
     // for.
-    let indices_to_request = validators_to_update
-        .iter()
-        .filter_map(|pubkey| duties_service.validator_store.validator_index(pubkey))
-        .filter(|validator_index| !initial_indices_to_request.contains(validator_index))
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let mut indices_to_request = vec![];
+    for pubkey in &validators_to_update {
+        if let Some(validator_index) = duties_service.validator_store.validator_index(pubkey).await
+        {
+            if !initial_indices_to_request.contains(&validator_index) {
+                indices_to_request.push(validator_index);
+            }
+        }
+    }
 
     // Filter the initial duties by their relevance so that we don't hit the warning below about
     // overwriting duties. There was previously a bug here.
@@ -1041,29 +1058,39 @@ async fn poll_beacon_attesters_for_epoch<S: ValidatorStore + 'static, T: SlotClo
 }
 
 /// Get a filtered list of local validators for which we don't already know their duties for that epoch
-fn get_uninitialized_validators<S: ValidatorStore, T: SlotClock + 'static>(
+async fn get_uninitialized_validators<S: ValidatorStore, T: SlotClock + 'static>(
     duties_service: &Arc<DutiesService<S, T>>,
     epoch: &Epoch,
     local_pubkeys: &HashSet<PublicKeyBytes>,
 ) -> Vec<u64> {
-    let attesters = duties_service.attesters.read();
-    local_pubkeys
-        .iter()
-        .filter(|pubkey| {
-            attesters
-                .get(pubkey)
-                .is_none_or(|duties| !duties.contains_key(epoch))
-        })
-        .filter_map(|pubkey| duties_service.validator_store.validator_index(pubkey))
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    // Allocate a temporary vec to prevent holding two locks simultaneously (deadlock risk if we use
+    // a different lock order in another function).
+    let uninitialized_pubkeys = {
+        let attesters = duties_service.attesters.read();
+        local_pubkeys
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|pubkey| {
+                attesters
+                    .get(pubkey)
+                    .is_none_or(|duties| !duties.contains_key(epoch))
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    };
+    let mut uninitialized_indices = Vec::with_capacity(uninitialized_pubkeys.len());
+    for pubkey in uninitialized_pubkeys {
+        if let Some(index) = duties_service.validator_store.validator_index(pubkey).await {
+            uninitialized_indices.push(index);
+        }
+    }
+    uninitialized_indices
 }
 
-fn update_per_validator_duty_metrics<S: ValidatorStore, T: SlotClock + 'static>(
+async fn update_per_validator_duty_metrics<S: ValidatorStore, T: SlotClock + 'static>(
     duties_service: &Arc<DutiesService<S, T>>,
     epoch: Epoch,
     current_slot: Slot,
 ) {
-    if duties_service.per_validator_metrics() {
+    if duties_service.per_validator_metrics().await {
         let attesters = duties_service.attesters.read();
         attesters.values().for_each(|attester_duties_by_epoch| {
             if let Some((_, duty_and_proof)) = attester_duties_by_epoch.get(&epoch) {
@@ -1309,7 +1336,7 @@ async fn poll_beacon_proposers<S: ValidatorStore, T: SlotClock + 'static>(
     // Notify the block proposal service for any proposals that we have in our cache.
     //
     // See the function-level documentation for more information.
-    let initial_block_proposers = duties_service.block_proposers(current_slot);
+    let initial_block_proposers = duties_service.block_proposers(current_slot).await;
     notify_block_production_service::<S>(
         current_slot,
         &initial_block_proposers,
@@ -1324,7 +1351,8 @@ async fn poll_beacon_proposers<S: ValidatorStore, T: SlotClock + 'static>(
     // doppelganger finishes.
     let local_pubkeys: HashSet<_> = duties_service
         .validator_store
-        .voting_pubkeys(DoppelgangerStatus::ignored);
+        .voting_pubkeys(DoppelgangerStatus::ignored)
+        .await;
 
     // Only download duties and push out additional block production events if we have some
     // validators.
@@ -1387,6 +1415,7 @@ async fn poll_beacon_proposers<S: ValidatorStore, T: SlotClock + 'static>(
         // which were not included in the initial notification to the `BlockService`.
         let additional_block_producers = duties_service
             .block_proposers(current_slot)
+            .await
             .difference(&initial_block_proposers)
             .copied()
             .collect::<HashSet<PublicKeyBytes>>();
diff --git a/validator_client/validator_services/src/preparation_service.rs b/validator_client/validator_services/src/preparation_service.rs
index b59e3266dc..a533a5b101 100644
--- a/validator_client/validator_services/src/preparation_service.rs
+++ b/validator_client/validator_services/src/preparation_service.rs
@@ -302,21 +302,22 @@ impl<S: ValidatorStore + 'static, T: SlotClock + 'static> PreparationService<S,
         })
     }
 
-    fn collect_proposal_data<G, U>(&self, map_fn: G) -> Vec<U>
+    async fn collect_proposal_data<G, U>(&self, map_fn: G) -> Vec<U>
     where
         G: Fn(PublicKeyBytes, ProposalData) -> Option<U>,
     {
         let all_pubkeys: Vec<_> = self
             .validator_store
-            .voting_pubkeys(DoppelgangerStatus::ignored);
+            .voting_pubkeys(DoppelgangerStatus::ignored)
+            .await;
 
-        all_pubkeys
-            .into_iter()
-            .filter_map(|pubkey| {
-                let proposal_data = self.validator_store.proposal_data(&pubkey)?;
-                map_fn(pubkey, proposal_data)
-            })
-            .collect()
+        let mut proposal_data = Vec::with_capacity(all_pubkeys.len());
+        for pubkey in all_pubkeys {
+            if let Some(proposal_data) = self.validator_store.proposal_data(&pubkey).await? {
+                proposal_data.push(map_fn(pubkey, proposal_data));
+            }
+        }
+        proposal_data
     }
 
     async fn publish_preparation_data(
diff --git a/validator_client/validator_services/src/sync.rs b/validator_client/validator_services/src/sync.rs
index c13b70db80..2335ebdaea 100644
--- a/validator_client/validator_services/src/sync.rs
+++ b/validator_client/validator_services/src/sync.rs
@@ -308,13 +308,18 @@ pub async fn poll_sync_committee_duties<S: ValidatorStore + 'static, T: SlotCloc
     // protection.
     let local_pubkeys: HashSet<_> = duties_service
         .validator_store
-        .voting_pubkeys(DoppelgangerStatus::ignored);
+        .voting_pubkeys(DoppelgangerStatus::ignored)
+        .await;
 
     let local_indices = {
         let mut local_indices = Vec::with_capacity(local_pubkeys.len());
 
         for &pubkey in &local_pubkeys {
-            if let Some(validator_index) = duties_service.validator_store.validator_index(&pubkey) {
+            if let Some(validator_index) = duties_service
+                .validator_store
+                .validator_index(&pubkey)
+                .await
+            {
                 local_indices.push(validator_index)
             }
         }
diff --git a/validator_client/validator_store/src/lib.rs b/validator_client/validator_store/src/lib.rs
index 68772c5e9a..cbcbfda1c4 100644
--- a/validator_client/validator_store/src/lib.rs
+++ b/validator_client/validator_store/src/lib.rs
@@ -60,23 +60,30 @@ pub trait ValidatorStore: Send + Sync {
     ///   protection and are safe-enough to sign messages.
     /// - `DoppelgangerStatus::ignored`: returns all the pubkeys from `only_safe` *plus* those still
     ///   undergoing protection. This is useful for collecting duties or other non-signing tasks.
-    fn voting_pubkeys<I, F>(&self, filter_func: F) -> I
+    fn voting_pubkeys<I, F>(&self, filter_func: F) -> impl Future<Output = I> + Send + Sync
     where
         I: FromIterator<PublicKeyBytes>,
-        F: Fn(DoppelgangerStatus) -> Option<PublicKeyBytes>;
+        F: Fn(DoppelgangerStatus) -> Option<PublicKeyBytes> + Send + Sync;
 
     /// Check if the `validator_pubkey` is permitted by the doppleganger protection to sign
     /// messages.
     fn doppelganger_protection_allows_signing(&self, validator_pubkey: PublicKeyBytes) -> bool;
 
-    fn num_voting_validators(&self) -> usize;
-    fn graffiti(&self, validator_pubkey: &PublicKeyBytes) -> Option<Graffiti>;
+    fn num_voting_validators(&self) -> impl Future<Output = usize> + Send + Sync;
+
+    fn graffiti(
+        &self,
+        validator_pubkey: &PublicKeyBytes,
+    ) -> impl Future<Output = Option<Graffiti>> + Send + Sync;
 
     /// Returns the fee recipient for the given public key. The priority order for fetching
     /// the fee recipient is:
     /// 1. validator_definitions.yml
     /// 2. process level fee recipient
-    fn get_fee_recipient(&self, validator_pubkey: &PublicKeyBytes) -> Option<Address>;
+    fn get_fee_recipient(
+        &self,
+        validator_pubkey: &PublicKeyBytes,
+    ) -> impl Future<Output = Option<Address>>;
 
     /// Translate the `builder_proposals`, `builder_boost_factor` and
     /// `prefer_builder_proposals` to a boost factor, if available.
@@ -86,7 +93,10 @@ pub trait ValidatorStore: Send + Sync {
     /// - If `builder_proposals` is set to false, set boost factor to 0 to indicate a preference for
     ///   local payloads.
     /// - Else return `None` to indicate no preference between builder and local payloads.
-    fn determine_builder_boost_factor(&self, validator_pubkey: &PublicKeyBytes) -> Option<u64>;
+    fn determine_builder_boost_factor(
+        &self,
+        validator_pubkey: &PublicKeyBytes,
+    ) -> impl Future<Output = Option<u64>> + Send + Sync;
 
     fn randao_reveal(
         &self,
@@ -94,7 +104,11 @@ pub trait ValidatorStore: Send + Sync {
         signing_epoch: Epoch,
     ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<Signature, Error<Self::Error>>> + Send;
 
-    fn set_validator_index(&self, validator_pubkey: &PublicKeyBytes, index: u64);
+    fn set_validator_index(
+        &self,
+        validator_pubkey: &PublicKeyBytes,
+        index: u64,
+    ) -> impl Future<Output = ()> + Send + Sync;
 
     fn sign_block(
         &self,
@@ -165,12 +179,19 @@ pub trait ValidatorStore: Send + Sync {
     /// This function will only do actual pruning periodically, so it should usually be
     /// cheap to call. The `first_run` flag can be used to print a more verbose message when pruning
     /// runs.
-    fn prune_slashing_protection_db(&self, current_epoch: Epoch, first_run: bool);
+    fn prune_slashing_protection_db(
+        &self,
+        current_epoch: Epoch,
+        first_run: bool,
+    ) -> impl Future<Output = ()> + Send + Sync;
 
     /// Returns `ProposalData` for the provided `pubkey` if it exists in `InitializedValidators`.
     /// `ProposalData` fields include defaulting logic described in `get_fee_recipient_defaulting`,
     /// `get_gas_limit_defaulting`, and `get_builder_proposals_defaulting`.
-    fn proposal_data(&self, pubkey: &PublicKeyBytes) -> Option<ProposalData>;
+    fn proposal_data(
+        &self,
+        pubkey: &PublicKeyBytes,
+    ) -> impl Future<Output = Option<ProposalData>> + Send + Sync;
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]