Refactor consensus/types (#7827)

Organize and categorize `consensus/types` into modules based on their relation to key consensus structures/concepts.
This is a precursor to a sensible public interface.

While this refactor is very opinionated, I am open to suggestions on module names, or type groupings if my current ones are inappropriate.


Co-Authored-By: Mac L <mjladson@pm.me>

beacon_node/network/src/sync/tests/lookups.rs

@@ -1929,8 +1929,8 @@ mod deneb_only {
         block_verification_types::{AsBlock, RpcBlock},
         data_availability_checker::AvailabilityCheckError,
     };
+    use ssz_types::RuntimeVariableList;
     use std::collections::VecDeque;
-    use types::RuntimeVariableList;
 
     struct DenebTester {
         rig: TestRig,