Refactor consensus/types (#7827)

Organize and categorize `consensus/types` into modules based on their relation to key consensus structures/concepts.
This is a precursor to a sensible public interface.

While this refactor is very opinionated, I am open to suggestions on module names, or type groupings if my current ones are inappropriate.


Co-Authored-By: Mac L <mjladson@pm.me>

consensus/types/Cargo.toml

@@ -73,6 +73,9 @@ paste = { workspace = true }
 state_processing = { workspace = true }
 tokio = { workspace = true }
 
+[lints.clippy]
+module_inception = "allow"
+
 [[bench]]
 name = "benches"
 harness = false