Altair consensus changes and refactors (#2279)

## Proposed Changes

Implement the consensus changes necessary for the upcoming Altair hard fork.

## Additional Info

This is quite a heavy refactor, with pivotal types like the `BeaconState` and `BeaconBlock` changing from structs to enums. This ripples through the whole codebase with field accesses changing to methods, e.g. `state.slot` => `state.slot()`.


Co-authored-by: realbigsean <seananderson33@gmail.com>

Cargo.lock

@@ -568,7 +568,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "genesis",
  "int_to_bytes",
  "integer-sqrt",
- "itertools 0.9.0",
+ "itertools 0.10.1",
  "lazy_static",
  "lighthouse_metrics",
  "log",
@@ -1031,7 +1031,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "ansi_term 0.11.0",
  "atty",
  "bitflags",
- "strsim",
+ "strsim 0.8.0",
  "textwrap",
  "unicode-width",
  "vec_map",
@@ -1426,6 +1426,41 @@ dependencies = [
  "zeroize",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "darling"
+version = "0.12.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5f2c43f534ea4b0b049015d00269734195e6d3f0f6635cb692251aca6f9f8b3c"
+dependencies = [
+ "darling_core",
+ "darling_macro",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "darling_core"
+version = "0.12.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8e91455b86830a1c21799d94524df0845183fa55bafd9aa137b01c7d1065fa36"
+dependencies = [
+ "fnv",
+ "ident_case",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "strsim 0.10.0",
+ "syn",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "darling_macro"
+version = "0.12.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "29b5acf0dea37a7f66f7b25d2c5e93fd46f8f6968b1a5d7a3e02e97768afc95a"
+dependencies = [
+ "darling_core",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "darwin-libproc"
 version = "0.1.2"
@@ -1684,15 +1719,20 @@ dependencies = [
  "bls",
  "cached_tree_hash",
  "compare_fields",
+ "compare_fields_derive",
+ "derivative",
  "eth2_ssz",
  "eth2_ssz_derive",
  "ethereum-types 0.9.2",
+ "fs2",
  "hex",
+ "parking_lot",
  "rayon",
  "serde",
  "serde_derive",
  "serde_repr",
  "serde_yaml",
+ "snap",
  "state_processing",
  "swap_or_not_shuffle",
  "tree_hash",
@@ -2185,7 +2225,7 @@ checksum = "e88a8acf291dafb59c2d96e8f59828f3838bb1a70398823ade51a84de6a6deed"
 name = "fallback"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
- "itertools 0.9.0",
+ "itertools 0.10.1",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2954,6 +2994,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "tokio-native-tls",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "ident_case"
+version = "1.0.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b9e0384b61958566e926dc50660321d12159025e767c18e043daf26b70104c39"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
 version = "0.2.3"
@@ -4068,7 +4114,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "hex",
  "if-addrs",
  "igd",
- "itertools 0.9.0",
+ "itertools 0.10.1",
  "lazy_static",
  "lighthouse_metrics",
  "logging",
@@ -4321,6 +4367,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "operation_pool"
 version = "0.2.0"
 dependencies = [
+ "beacon_chain",
  "eth2_ssz",
  "eth2_ssz_derive",
  "int_to_bytes",
@@ -6061,15 +6108,15 @@ name = "state_processing"
 version = "0.2.0"
 dependencies = [
  "arbitrary",
+ "beacon_chain",
  "bls",
- "criterion",
  "env_logger 0.8.4",
  "eth2_hashing",
  "eth2_ssz",
  "eth2_ssz_types",
  "int_to_bytes",
  "integer-sqrt",
- "itertools 0.9.0",
+ "itertools 0.10.1",
  "lazy_static",
  "log",
  "merkle_proof",
@@ -6078,6 +6125,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
  "serde_derive",
  "serde_yaml",
+ "smallvec",
  "tree_hash",
  "tree_hash_derive",
  "types",
@@ -6087,7 +6135,9 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "state_transition_vectors"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
+ "beacon_chain",
  "eth2_ssz",
+ "lazy_static",
  "state_processing",
  "types",
 ]
@@ -6151,18 +6201,17 @@ checksum = "213701ba3370744dcd1a12960caa4843b3d68b4d1c0a5d575e0d65b2ee9d16c0"
 name = "store"
 version = "0.2.0"
 dependencies = [
- "criterion",
+ "beacon_chain",
  "db-key",
  "directory",
  "eth2_ssz",
  "eth2_ssz_derive",
- "itertools 0.9.0",
+ "itertools 0.10.1",
  "lazy_static",
  "leveldb",
  "lighthouse_metrics",
  "lru",
  "parking_lot",
- "rayon",
  "serde",
  "serde_derive",
  "slog",
@@ -6201,6 +6250,12 @@ version = "0.8.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8ea5119cdb4c55b55d432abb513a0429384878c15dde60cc77b1c99de1a95a6a"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "strsim"
+version = "0.10.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "73473c0e59e6d5812c5dfe2a064a6444949f089e20eec9a2e5506596494e4623"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "strum"
 version = "0.20.0"
@@ -6234,6 +6289,19 @@ version = "2.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "1e81da0851ada1f3e9d4312c704aa4f8806f0f9d69faaf8df2f3464b4a9437c2"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "superstruct"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8bf7f6700d7c135cf4e4900c2cfba9a12ecad1fdc45594aad48f6b344b2589a0"
+dependencies = [
+ "darling",
+ "itertools 0.10.1",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "swap_or_not_shuffle"
 version = "0.2.0"
@@ -6757,7 +6825,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "tree_hash"
 version = "0.1.1"
 dependencies = [
- "criterion",
+ "beacon_chain",
  "eth2_hashing",
  "ethereum-types 0.9.2",
  "lazy_static",
@@ -6820,6 +6888,7 @@ name = "types"
 version = "0.2.0"
 dependencies = [
  "arbitrary",
+ "beacon_chain",
  "bls",
  "cached_tree_hash",
  "compare_fields",
@@ -6834,9 +6903,11 @@ dependencies = [
  "ethereum-types 0.9.2",
  "hex",
  "int_to_bytes",
+ "itertools 0.10.1",
  "lazy_static",
  "log",
  "merkle_proof",
+ "parking_lot",
  "rand 0.7.3",
  "rand_xorshift",
  "rayon",
@@ -6849,6 +6920,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde_utils",
  "serde_yaml",
  "slog",
+ "superstruct",
  "swap_or_not_shuffle",
  "tempfile",
  "test_random_derive",